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Soviet Union's BT-7 Bystrochodnij Tankov (Fast Tank)

Photos

BT-7 Fast Tank crashed:
Soviet Union's BT-7 Fast Tanks crashed		 BT-7 Fast Tank in Moscow in 1938:
Soviet Union's BT-7 Fast Tank in Moscow in 1938		 BT-7A Fast Tank in the Ukraine in 1941:
Soviet Union's BT-7A Fast Tank in the Ukraine in 1941		  
BT-7 Fast Tank:
Soviet Union's BT-7 Fast Tank 		BT-7 Fast Tank:
Soviet Union's BT-7 Fast Tank		 BT-7-1 Fast Tank:
Soviet Union's BT-7-1 Fast Tank		 BT-7-1 Fast Tank:
Soviet Union's BT-7-1 Fast Tank
BT-7-1(V) Fast Tank:
Soviet Union's BT-7-1(V) Fast Tank		 BT-7-1(V) Fast Tank:
Soviet Union's BT-7-1(V) Fast Tank		 BT-7-1(V) Fast Tank:
Soviet Union's BT-7-1(V) Fast Tank		  
BT-7-2 Fast Tank:
Soviet Union's BT-7-2 Medium Tank		 BT-7-2 Fast Tank:
Soviet Union's BT-7-2 Medium Tank		 BT-7-2 Fast Tank:
Soviet Union's BT-7-2 Medium Tank		 BT-7-2 Fast Tank:
Soviet Union's BT-7-2 Medium Tank
BT-7-2 Fast Tank:
Soviet Union's BT-7-2 Fast Tank		 BT-7-2 Fast Tank:
Soviet Union's BT-7-2 Fast Tank		 BT-7-2 Fast Tank:
Soviet Union's BT-7-2 Fast Tank		 BT-7-2 Fast Tank training turret:
Soviet Union's BT-7-2 Fast Tank training turret
BT-7-2 Fast Tank training turret at the Stalin Military Academy:
Soviet Union's BT-7-2 Fast Tank training turret at the Stalin Military Academy		 BT-7 Model 1935 Fast Tank, 8th Mechanized Corps.
Soviet Union's BT-7 Model 1935 Fast Tank, 8th Mechanized Corps		 BT-7A Fast Tank:
Soviet Union's BT-7A Fast Tank 		 
Early model BT-7 fast tank:
Soviet Union's Early model BT-7 fast tank		 Late model BT-7 Fast Tank:
Soviet Union's Late model BT-7 Fast Tank
Imperial War Museum 		BT-7M Fast Tank:
Soviet Union's BT-7M Fast Tank 		 

Design

After seeing that tanks with riveted construction were vulnerable it was decided to produce a welded tank.1

In September 1936, during maneuvers in Byelorussia, British General Wavell and Colonel Martel saw the tank.7 Martel wrote: "The design of the fighting body is not very good but the performance of the machine is at least twice as good as the A9."7 He further suggested that the British War Office purchase one.7

Had new Saslavsky brakes, new main clutch, new turret1, thicker armor1, and all welded1,10.2

Main Armament

The main gun was the 45 mm model 1934 / 45 mm Model 351 tank gun.2

In 1938 an improved gun sighting system, called TOS, was installed.2,6 This was developed by V. A. Pavlov and A. Z. Tumanov.6 The main armament could now better fire on the move.6

Engine

The engine was a copy of a German BMW aircraft engine.1

New engine with an improved gearbox with 3 forward gears.2,10 Used a control stick for steering.2

Turret

The first turrets for the BT-7 were the same cylindrical turret that was used on the BT-5.2 A conical turret was then used with MG in rear.1,2,10 It had round hatches on top which led to the nickname "Mickey Mouse" from German troops.2

Production

  • BT-7: 2,000
    • Production: 1935 - ?2,5,6,7
  • BT-7M, BT-8: ~7001, 7062
    • Production: 1938 - 1940, 1939 - 19412
  • BT-IS: 11

Variants

  • BT-7: Had a better engine than previous BT models.2 The gearbox provided 3 forward gears.2
  • BT-7-1: Cylindrical turret from the BT-5.5,6,7 Hull a new electro-welded hull.6 Armor was thicker.6 The transmission was improved and the fuel capacity was increased.6 The tracks were smaller pitch.6
  • BT-7-2, BT-7 Ob. 1937: Conical turret with twin horn periscopes.1,5,6,7 Had 2 round hatches on the turret room and was nicknamed "Mickey Mouse" by the Germans.2 Hull armored was redesinged.6 All vehicles had radios.6
  • BT-7-1(U), BT-7TU, BT-7(V), BT-7-1(V): Command tank.1,5,10 Carried 132-146 shells2. Had a 71-TK radio set installed. The cylindrical turrets had a wrap around antenna, whereas the conical turrets had a rod antenna.2
  • OP-7: Flame thrower installed in left side / right side1 of hull.2 Weighed 11.5 tons.2 Apparently didn't reach the front lines.
  • BT-7A: Artillery tank.1,2,5,6 Had short barrel 76.2 mm gun installed.1,2,5,6 Carried 40 shells if it had a radio, and 501 if it didn't.2 Turret was modified from a T-28.6 Because of the increased weight it was no longer able to move on wheels.6
  • BT-7M, BT-8: Was a major redesign in 1939. It had a sloping front glacis instead of the previous pointed noses.5,7 Had a V-2 diesel engine installed.5,6,10 The engine was based on a Hispano-Suiza 12Y aircraft engine.1 Hull MG was placed next to the driver.7 Used at Khalkin-Gol and in Finland.7
  • BT-7U, BT-7TU: Radio installed.6
  • BT-8A: Artillery tank.2 Had 76.2 mm 1927/32 tank gun.2 Only a test model built.2
  • BT-IS: Prototype only.1 Used BT-7M hull.1 Used a BT-7 turret with 45 mm gun.1

Usage

Used by the 2nd Mechanized Brigade at Lake Hasan against the Japanese in 1938.9 The 6th and 11th Tank Brigades had 400 BT-7s and BT-5s, and fought against the Japanese at the Khalkin Gol River from May to August 1939.2,9

Used during the invasion of Poland in 1939 and in Finland in 1939-1940.1,2,7

German Invasion

The BT-7s broke down from the lack of maintenance, were lightly armored, and as a result would destroyed in large quantities by the Germans.5

Specifications

  BT-7 (1936 model)
Crew 31,2,3,4,5,10
Physical Characteristics  
Weight 30,450 lb
13.68 tons1, 13.7 tons10, 13.8 tons2,4, 14 tons5
13,900 kg1,10
Length w/gun 18', 18' 7"1,10, 18' 8"3,7, 18.65'4, 20' 0.5"

5.68 m3, 5.66 m1,2,5,10, 6.8 m5
Length w/o gun  
Height 7' 6"3,7, 7.5'4, 7' 11"1,10, 7' 11.3"5, 8' 7"
2.28 m3, 2.41 m10, 2.42 m1,2,5
Width 7'3, , 7' 6"1,5, 7' 11.5"10, 7.98'4, 8'7, 8' 7"
2.29 m1,2,5, 2.43 m3,10
Width over tracks  
Ground clearance 1' 2",
4-4.2 m2
Ground contact length  
Ground pressure 11.24 psi,
0.75 kp/cm2 2
Turret ring diameter  
Armament  
Main 45 mm4,5,10
45 mm M-323
45 mm 19342
45 mm 1934 L/46, 45 mm1
45 mm Model 351
OR  
Secondary  
MG 2: MG4
2: 7.62 mm DT MG3,10
2: 7.62 mm MG1,5
MG - coaxial 7.62 mm MG2
MG - rear turret  
MG - hull 7.62 mm MG2
Side arms  
Quantity  
Main 132 - 1882, 1461
Secondary  
MG 2,3942
Side arms  
Armor Thickness (mm) 10 - 225, 6 - 223,4, 227,10
Turret: 157
Hull Front, Upper 13- 22, 222
Hull Front, Lower 13, 222
Hull Sides, Upper 132
Hull Sides, Lower 132
Hull Rear 132
Hull Top 102
Hull Bottom 12, 6-102
Turret Front 152
Turret Sides 152
Turret Rear 152
Turret Top 10, 152
Engine (Make / Model) M-15 T2,3,10
M-17T2,5,7
Bore / stroke 4 stroke2
Cooling  
Cylinders 122, V-125,10
Capacity  
Net HP 4504,7,10, 405@1,750 rpm2, 5005
Power to weight ratio 32.6 hp/ton2
Compression ratio  
Transmission (Type) 3 forward, 1 reverse2
Steering  
Steering ratio  
Starter  
Electrical system  
Ignition  
Fuel (Type) Gasoline4,5,10
Octane  
Quantity 167 gallons,
790 liters2
Road consumption  
Cross country consumption  
Performance  
Traverse 360°
Max speed 53.4 mph3,5, 46 mph, 45 mph1,4
72 kph1, 86 kph3,5
Max speed - tracks 33 mph7, 45 mph10
53 kph2, 72 kph10
Max speed - wheels 45 mph7, 70 mph10,
73 kph2, 112 kph10
Speed - Cross Country 31 mph
Cross country speed - tracks  
Range - Road 155 miles3,5, 311 miles, 265 miles1
250 km3,5, 430 km1
Road radius - tracks 249 miles10, 375 km2, 400 km10
Road radius - wheels 311 miles10, 500 km2,10
Range - Cross Country  
Cross country radius - tracks  
Turning radius 20' 6"
Elevation limits  
Fording depth 4'5
1.2 m2, 1.22 m5
Trench crossing 6'5, 6' 7",
1.83 m5, 2 m2
Vertical obstacle 1' 10", 2' 6"5,
0.55 m2, 0.76 m5
Climbing ability 32°2
Suspension (Type) Christie
Wheels each side 4
Return rollers each side  
Tracks (Type)  
Length  
Width 10"
Width - tire  
Width - track  
Diameter  
Number of links  
Pitch  
Tire tread  
Track centers/tread  
  BT-7-1 BT-7-1V
Crew 36,8 38
Physical Characteristics    
Weight 13.8 tons6,8 13.6 tons8
Length w/gun 18.656,8 18.658
Length w/o gun    
Height 7.5'6,8 7.5'8
Width 7.986,8 7.988
Width over tracks    
Ground clearance Wheels: 10.5"8
Tracks: 12"8 		Wheels: 10.5"8
Tracks: 12"8
Ground contact length 12'6,8 12'8
Ground pressure 10.2 psi8 10.2 psi8
Turret ring diameter    
Armament    
Main 45 mm L/468
45 mm L/46 A/TK6 		45 mm L/468
OR    
Secondary    
MG 2: 7.62 mm MG6
2: 7.62 mm DTMG8 		2: 7.62 mm DTMG8
MG - coaxial    
MG - rear turret    
MG - hull    
Side arms    
Quantity    
Main 1728, 172 - 1886 1888
Secondary    
MG 2,3946,8 2,3948
Side arms    
Armor Thickness (mm) 15 - 206  
Hull Front, Upper 226,8 228
Hull Front, Lower    
Hull Sides, Upper 136,8 138
Hull Sides, Lower    
Hull Rear 138 138
Hull Top 6 - 106,8 6 - 108
Hull Bottom 6 - 106,8 6 - 108
Turret Front 10 - 136, 138 138
Turret Sides 138 138
Turret Rear 138 138
Turret Top 108 108
Engine (Make / Model) M-17T Liberty6
MT-17T Liberty modified Aero8 		MT-17T Liberty modified Aero8
Bore / stroke 120 mm8 / 146 mm8 120 mm8 / 146 mm8
Cooling Water8 Water8
Cylinders 126, V-128 V-128
Capacity    
Net HP 4506, 450@1,750 rpm8 450@1,750 rpm8
Power to weight ratio 32.6 hp/ton8 32.6 hp/ton8
Compression ratio    
Transmission (Type) Wheels: Chain drive8
Tracks: Sliding gear8 		Wheels: Chain drive8
Tracks: Sliding gear8
Steering    
Steering ratio    
Starter    
Electrical system    
Ignition    
Fuel (Type) Gasoline6,8 Gasoline8
Octane    
Quantity 174 gallons8 174 gallons8
Road consumption    
Cross country consumption    
Performance    
Traverse 360°8 360°8
Max speed 46 mph6  
Max speed - tracks    
Max speed - wheels 45.6 mph8 45.6 mph8
Speed - Cross Country    
Cross country speed - tracks 33 mph8 33 mph8
Range - Road 310 miles6  
Road radius - tracks    
Road radius - wheels 310 miles8 310 miles8
Range - Cross Country 220 miles6  
Cross country radius - tracks 220 miles8 220 miles8
Turning radius 40'8 40'8
Elevation limits -4° to +40°8 -4° to +40°8
Fording depth 3.98'8 3.98'8
Trench crossing 6'8 6'8
Vertical obstacle Wheels: 8"8
Tracks: 30"8 		Wheels: 8"8
Tracks: 30"8
Climbing ability    
Suspension (Type) Christie Independent type8 Christie Independent type8
Wheels each side 48 48
Return rollers each side    
Tracks (Type)    
Length    
Width    
Width - tire 2 x 3.95"8 2 x 3.95"8
Width - track 10.25"6,8 10.25"8
Diameter 32.5"8 32.5"8
Number of links    
Pitch    
Tire tread    
Track centers/tread 6.33'8 6.33'8
  BT-7-2
Crew 36,8
Physical Characteristics  
Weight 13.68 tons1, 13.8 tons6,8
13,900 kg1
Length w/gun 18.65'6,8, 18' 7"1
5.66 m1
Length w/o gun  
Height 7.5'6,8, 7' 11"1
2.42 m1
Width 7' 6"1, 7.98'6,8
2.29 m1
Width over tracks  
Ground clearance Wheels: 10.5"8
Tracks: 12"8
Ground contact length 12'6,8
Ground pressure 10.2 psi8
Turret ring diameter  
Armament  
Main 45 mm L/468
45 mm L/46 A/TK6
OR  
Secondary  
MG 2: 7.62 mm MG6
2: 7.62 mm DTMG8
MG - coaxial  
MG - rear turret  
MG - hull  
Side arms  
Quantity  
Main 132 - 1466
With radio: 1468
Without radio: 1888
Secondary  
MG 2,3946,8
Side arms  
Armor Thickness (mm) 6 - 221
Hull Front, Upper 226,8
Hull Front, Lower  
Hull Sides, Upper 136,8
Hull Sides, Lower  
Hull Rear 138
Hull Top 6 - 106,8
Hull Bottom 6 - 106,8
Turret Front 10 - 136, 158
Turret Sides 158
Turret Rear 158
Turret Top 108
Engine (Make / Model) M-17T Liberty6
MT-17T Liberty modified Aero8
M17-TV-121
Bore / stroke 120 mm8 / 146 mm8
Cooling Water8
Cylinders 126, V-128
Capacity  
Net HP 4506, 450@1,750 rpm8, 500@1,760 rpm1
Power to weight ratio 32.6 hp/ton8
Compression ratio  
Transmission (Type) Wheels: Chain drive8
Tracks: Sliding gear8
Steering  
Steering ratio  
Starter  
Electrical system  
Ignition  
Fuel (Type) Gasoline6,8
Octane  
Quantity 174 gallons8
Road consumption  
Cross country consumption  
Performance  
Traverse 360°8
Max speed 45 mph1, 46 mph6
72 kph1
Max speed - tracks  
Max speed - wheels 45.6 mph8
Speed - Cross Country 31 mph1
50 kph1
Cross country speed - tracks 33 mph8
Range - Road 265 miles1, 310 miles6
430 km1
Road radius - tracks  
Road radius - wheels 310 miles8
Range - Cross Country 220 miles6
Cross country radius - tracks 220 miles8
Turning radius 40'8
Elevation limits -4° to +40°8
Fording depth 3.98'8
Trench crossing 6'8
Vertical obstacle Wheels: 8"8
Tracks: 30"8
Climbing ability  
Suspension (Type) Christie Independent type8
Wheels each side 48
Return rollers each side  
Tracks (Type)  
Length  
Width  
Width - tire 2 x 3.95"8
Width - track 10.25"6,8
Diameter 32.5"8
Number of links  
Pitch  
Tire tread  
Track centers/tread 6.33'8
  BT-7A
Crew 36,8
Physical Characteristics  
Weight 13.8 tons6,8
Length w/gun 18'6, 18.658
Length w/o gun  
Height 7.5'6,8
Width 7.986,8
Width over tracks  
Ground clearance 12"8
Ground contact length 12'8, 12' 6"6
Ground pressure 10.2 psi8
Turret ring diameter  
Armament  
Main 76.2 mm L/16.56,8
76.2 mm1
OR  
Secondary  
MG 2: 7.62 mm MG6
7.62 mm DTMG8
MG - coaxial  
MG - rear turret  
MG - hull  
Side arms  
Quantity  
Main 501, 1328, 172 - 1886
Secondary  
MG 2,3946,8
Side arms  
Armor Thickness (mm)  
Hull Front, Upper 226,8
Hull Front, Lower  
Hull Sides, Upper 136,8
Hull Sides, Lower  
Hull Rear 138
Hull Top 6 - 106,8
Hull Bottom 6 - 106,8
Turret Front 10 - 136, 158
Turret Sides 158
Turret Rear 158
Turret Top 108
Engine (Make / Model) M-17T Liberty6, MT-17T Liberty modified Aero8
Bore / stroke 120 mm8 / 146 mm8
Cooling Water8
Cylinders 126, V-128
Capacity  
Net HP 4506, 450@1,750 rpm8
Power to weight ratio 32.6 hp/ton8
Compression ratio  
Transmission (Type) Wheels: Chain drive8
Tracks: Sliding gear8
Steering  
Steering ratio  
Starter  
Electrical system  
Ignition  
Fuel (Type) Gasoline6,8
Octane  
Quantity 174 gallons8
Road consumption  
Cross country consumption  
Performance  
Traverse 360°8
Max speed 40 mph8, 46 mph6
Max speed - tracks  
Max speed - wheels  
Speed - Cross Country 33 mph8
Cross country speed - tracks  
Range - Road 280 miles8, 310 miles6
Road radius - tracks  
Road radius - wheels  
Range - Cross Country 220 miles6,8
Cross country radius - tracks  
Turning radius 40'8
Elevation limits -4° to +60°8
Fording depth 3.98'8
Trench crossing 6'8
Vertical obstacle 30"8
Climbing ability  
Suspension (Type) Christie Independent type8
Wheels each side 48
Return rollers each side  
Tracks (Type)  
Length  
Width  
Width - tire 2 x 3.95"8
Width - track 10.25"6,8
Diameter 32.5"8
Number of links  
Pitch  
Tire tread  
Track centers/tread 6.33'8
  BT-7M (1939 model), BT-8
Crew 32,6,8
Physical Characteristics  
Weight 32,300 lb,
14.4 tons1, 14.4-14.5 tons2, 14.6 tons7, 14.65 tons2,6,8
14,650 kg1
Length w/gun 18.65'6,8, 20'1, 20' 0.5"
5.66 m2, 6.11 m1
Length w/o gun  
Height 7.5'6,8, 8'1, 8' 0.75",
2.42 m2, 2.46 m1
Width 7.98'6,8, 8' 7",
2.29 m2
Width over tracks  
Ground clearance 0.35 m2
Wheels: 10.5"8
Tracks: 12"8
Ground contact length 12'6,8
Ground pressure 10.4 psi8
0.78 kp/cm2 2
Turret ring diameter  
Armament  
Main 45 mm Model 381
76.2 mm5
76.2 mm2
76.2 mm L/266,8
OR 45 mm 19382
Secondary  
MG 2: 7.62 mm MG6
MG - coaxial 7.62 mm DT MG2
MG - rear turret 7.62 mm DT MG2
MG - hull 7.62 mm DT MG2
Side arms  
Quantity  
Main 406,8
Secondary  
MG 2,3942,6
Side arms  
Armor Thickness (mm)  
Hull Front, Upper 222,6,8, 30
Hull Front, Lower 222
Hull Sides, Upper 132,6,8
Hull Sides, Lower 132
Hull Rear 6 - 106, 132,8
Hull Top 6 - 106,8, 102
Hull Bottom 6-102,6,8
Turret Front 10 - 156, 152,8
Turret Sides 152,8
Turret Rear 152,8
Turret Top 108, 152
Engine (Make / Model) W-22
V-26,8
Bore / stroke 150 mm8 / 187.7 mm8
4 stroke2
Cooling Water1,8
Cylinders 126, V-121,2,8
Capacity  
Net HP 5002,6, 500@2,200 rpm8
Power to weight ratio 34.7 hp/ton2, 35 hp/ton8
Compression ratio  
Transmission (Type) Wheels: Chain drive8
Tracks: Sliding gear8
Steering  
Steering ratio  
Starter  
Electrical system  
Ignition  
Fuel (Type) Diesel1,6,8
Octane  
Quantity 174 gallons8
Road consumption  
Cross country consumption  
Performance  
Traverse 360°
Max speed 40 mph, 53.4 mph1, 54 mph6
86 kph1
Max speed - tracks 62 kpm2
Max speed - wheels 54 mph8
86 kph2
Speed - Cross Country 31 mph1, 39 mph8
50 kph1
Cross country speed - tracks  
Range - Road 435 miles, 440 miles6
Road radius - tracks 600 km2
Road radius - wheels 440 miles8, 700 km2
Range - Cross Country 375 miles6
Cross country radius - tracks 375 miles8
Turning radius 40'8
Elevation limits -10° to +40°8
Fording depth 3.25'8
1.2 m2
Trench crossing 6.85'8
2 m2
Vertical obstacle 0.55 m2
Wheels: 8"8
Tracks: 308
Climbing ability 32°2
Suspension (Type)  
Wheels each side  
Return rollers each side  
Tracks (Type)  
Length  
Width  
Width - tire 2 x 3.95"8
Width - track 10.25"6,8
Diameter 32.5"8
Number of links  
Pitch  
Tire tread  
Track centers/tread 6.338
  BT-IS
Crew 31,8
Physical Characteristics  
Weight 15.35 tons1, 15.6 tons8
15,600 kg1
Length w/gun 18' 11"1, 18.98'8
5.76 m1
Length w/o gun  
Height 7' 6"1,8
2.28 m1
Width 7' 6"1,8
2.28 m1
Width over tracks  
Ground clearance Wheels: 10.5"8
Tracks: 12"8
Ground contact length 12'8
Ground pressure 11 psi8
Turret ring diameter  
Armament  
Main 45 mm1
45 mm L/468
OR  
Secondary  
MG 2: 7.62 mm DTMG8
MG - coaxial  
MG - rear turret  
MG - hull  
Side arms  
Quantity  
Main 1328
Secondary  
MG 2,3948
Side arms  
Armor Thickness (mm) 301
Hull Front, Upper 308
Hull Front, Lower  
Hull Sides, Upper 158
Hull Sides, Lower  
Hull Rear 138
Hull Top 6 - 108
Hull Bottom 6 - 108
Turret Front 308
Turret Sides 208
Turret Rear 158
Turret Top 108
Engine (Make / Model) M17-T-V-121
V-28
Bore / stroke 150 mm8 / 187.7 mm8
Cooling Water8
Cylinders V-128
Capacity  
Net HP 5001, 500@2,200 rpm8
Power to weight ratio 32 hp/ton8
Compression ratio  
Transmission (Type) Wheels: Chain drive8
Tracks: Sliding gear8
Steering  
Steering ratio  
Starter  
Electrical system  
Ignition  
Fuel (Type) Diesel8
Octane  
Quantity 174 gallons8
Road consumption  
Cross country consumption  
Performance  
Traverse 360°8
Max speed 40 mph1
65 kph1
Max speed - tracks  
Max speed - wheels 70 mph8
Speed - Cross Country  
Cross country speed - tracks 40 mph8
Range - Road 250 miles1
400 km1
Road radius - tracks  
Road radius - wheels 430 miles8
Range - Cross Country  
Cross country radius - tracks 370 miles8
Turning radius 40'8
Elevation limits -10° to +40°8
Fording depth 3.25'8
Trench crossing 6.85'8
Vertical obstacle Wheels: 8"8
Tracks: 30"8
Climbing ability  
Suspension (Type) Christie Independent type8
Wheels each side 48
Return rollers each side  
Tracks (Type)  
Length  
Width  
Width - tire 2 x 3.95"8
Width - track 10.25"8
Diameter 32.5"8
Number of links  
Pitch  
Tire tread  
Track centers/tread 6.33'8

Sources:

  1. Russian Tanks of World War II Stalin's Armored Might, by Tim Bean & Will Fowler, 2002
  2. Russian Tanks and Armored Vehicles 1917-1945, by Wolfgang Fleischer, 1999
  3. The Encyclopedia of Tanks and Armored Fighting Vehicles - The Comprehensive Guide to Over 900 Armored Fighting Vehicles From 1915 to the Present Day, General Editor: Christopher F. Foss, 2002
  4. Tanks of the World, 1915-1945, Peter Chamberlain, Chris Ellis, 1972
  5. The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II, Chris Bishop, 1998
  6. Airfix Magazine Guide 22 Russian Tanks of World War 2, John Milsom and Steve Zaloga, 1977
  7. Tanks of World War II, Duncan Crow, 1979
  8. Profile AFV Weapons 37 Russian BT Series, John F. Milsom, 1971
  9. Russian Armour Volume 2: Light Tank T-27, T-38, BT, T-26, T-40, T-50, T-60, T-70, Mikhail Baryatinskiy, 2006
  10. The Illustrated Guide to Tanks of the World, George Forty, 2006
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